FUNCTION PLUS LOYALTY Essay Example

FUNCTION PLUS LOYALTY Essay Introduction The outgrowth of functionalist attacks to interlingual rendition in the 1970s and 1980s was rather radical in that it marked the move from what Munday ( 2001: 72 ) describes as the inactive lingual typologies of interlingual rendition displacement , a term defined by Catford ( 1965: 73 ) as departures from formal correspondence in the procedure of traveling from the SL to the TL , to a consideration of the overall map of the Target Text ( TT ) in the Target Culture ( TC ) . However, these attacks have been criticised on assorted evidences. This paper investigates one of these unfavorable judgments and whether Chritiane Nord s impression of function plus trueness adequately addresses the issue. SKOPOSTHEORIE We will write a custom essay sample on FUNCTION PLUS LOYALTY specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on FUNCTION PLUS LOYALTY specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on FUNCTION PLUS LOYALTY specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As a term, functionalism is used to mention to the sum of attacks to translation that focal point on the overall map ( s ) of a text or interlingual rendition ( Nord 1997:1 ) . In other words, functionalism has been expressed or practised otherwise by different bookmans and transcribers. However, they all appear to hold drawn inspiration from what Vermeer has calledskopostheorie, the birth of which seemingly marked the beginning offunctionalism( Honig 1997: 6 ) . Harmonizing to Vermeer ( 2004 ) , [ T ] he skopos of a interlingual rendition is the end or intent, defined by the committee and if necessary adjusted by the transcriber ( 236 ) and this impression of skopos can be applied in the interlingual rendition procedure, the interlingual rendition consequence every bit good as the interlingual rendition manner ( 230 ) . This skopos determines whether a text should be translated word for word or paraphrased or even adapted. As Nord ( 1997 ) puts it, the Skoposof a peculiar interlingual rendition undertaking may necessitate a free ora faithful interlingual rendition, or anything between these two extremes, depending on the intent for which the interlingual rendition is needed ( 29 ) . Thus a individual text can engender different interlingual renditions harmonizing to the different interlingual rendition Jockey shortss provided. This attack was rather fresh in that it, to a big extent, addressed the eternal quandary of free V faithful interlingual renditions, dynamic V formal equality, good translators vs slavish transcribers, and so on ( Nord 1997: 29 ) . However, it has besides received rather a figure of unfavorable judgments. One of such onslaughts came from Pym ( 1996 ) who inquiries the ability of functionalism to supply a footing for a professional moralss of interlingual rendition. He so asks: Can such a theory generate a manner of spoting between good and bad intents, between good and bad interlingual rendition schemes? Or is its purpose simply to bring forth materialistic experts, able to contend under the flag of any purpose able to pay them? ( 2 ) Pym inquiries the evident disregard of the ST, undue accent on the TT and the freedom skopostheorie gives the transcriber to bring forth any sort of text as dictated by the interlingual rendition brief, whether or non the said brief is a far call from the purposes of the writer of the beginning text. In response to such unfavorable judgments, Nord added the construct of loyalty to functionalism. FUNCTION PLUS LOYALTY Chritiane Nord maintains that the trueness rule is meant to account for the culture-specificity of interlingual rendition constructs, puting an ethical restriction to the otherwise limitless scope of possibleskopoifor the interlingual rendition of one peculiar beginning text ( 2007:2-3 ) . Loyalty is used to mention to the duty of transcribers, as go-betweens between two civilizations, towards their spouses viz. , the source-text writer, the client or commissioner of the interlingual rendition, and the target-text receiving systems ( Nord 2001: 185 ) . It may besides be seen as taking into history the purposes and outlooks ofallthe spouses in the communicative interaction named interlingual rendition ( 195 ) . Though the client s brief determines the skopos of the interlingual rendition, it is non the lone determining factor for the interlingual rendition. The transcriber should be loyal to the ST writer by guaranting that he non bring forth a TT that falsifies the writer s purpose s ( Nord 2005:32 ) . In other words, trueness ensures some compatibility between the ST and the TT. The transcriber should besides be loyal to the mark audience, who have some outlooks of what the interlingual renditions should be like, by explicating in a footer or precede how they arrived at a peculiar significance, the thought-process involved. Nord distinguishes trueness from fidelity or equality. While she sees the former as an interpersonal relationship between the transcriber and his spouses, the latter she sees as constructs used to mention to the lingual or stylistic similarity between the beginning and the mark texts, irrespective of the communicative purposes involved ( 2001: 185 ) HOW ADEQUATE? This subdivision looks at the adequateness of Nord s map plus trueness rule to interlingual rendition, particularly in relation to Pym s accusal of skopostheorie bring forthing merely materialistic experts. In the first topographic point, it checks the evident freedom of the transcriber to bring forth any sort of interlingual rendition in conformity with the client s brief. While map requires that the interlingual rendition be modelled to suit into the brief provided by the commissioner, trueness requires the transcriber to warrant their pick of interlingual rendition method by sing the involvements of all the participants involved in the interlingual rendition, non merely that of the client. A transcriber should non bring forth a interlingual rendition that goes contrary to the brief ; they besides should fulfill the outlooks of the mark audience every bit good as non distort the purposes of the writer. So if the brief betrays the communicative purposes of the writer, it is so the transcriber s responsibility to pull the attending of the client to this evident anomalousness. Pym ( 2007: 132 ) quotes Nord as stating that If the client asks for a interlingual rendition that would intend being unpatriotic to either the writer or the mark readership or both, the transcriber should reason this point with the client or possibly even refuse to bring forth the interlingual rendition on ethical evidences . So the transcriber is non a mere materialistic since they do non accept whatever skopos is given them. Downie puts it this manner: With the add-on of the impression of loyalty the transcriber is now ethically and professionally responsible to either detect the outlooks their spouses have of their work or to state them why these outlooks have non been met ( 2 ) , This rule reduces the figure of skopoi that could be generated for a individual interlingual rendition text. Two inquiries may be raised against the trueness rule, one of which has been partially answered in Downie s quotation mark above viz. : is it ever possible for every party to be made happy by the transcriber? Harmonizing to Nord, the transcriber has the moral duty non to interpret on a brief that will distort the writer s purpose. If after explicating the state of affairs to the client and the client insists on non modifying the brief to do up for the defect, the transcriber has the moral duty to decline to make the interlingual rendition. Downie has already highlighted what the transcriber should make if the interlingual rendition goes contrary to the outlooks of the receiving audience. In Nord s words, if the mark civilization expects the interlingual rendition to be a actual reproduction of the original, transcribers can non merely interpret in a non-literal manner without stating the mark audience what they have done and why ( 1997: 125 ) . This increases the degree of assurance the audience has on the transcriber and makes them more ready to accept the interlingual rendition as of a good quality even if their ( the audience s ) outlooks are non met. This raises the 2nd inquiry: will the acceptance of the documental interlingual rendition in state of affairss where the beginning civilization is markedly different from the mark civilization, seen in the extra accounts the transcriber has to do for the reader, non impact the response of the work since the audience is cognizant that the text is non the original, but a interlingual rendition? Though the reader might be affected by the realization, the manner shows that the transcriber has some regard for the reader and will assist construct their assurance in the transcriber for taking the strivings to explicate their scheme and picks. One other issue the trueness rule references is the supposed dethronement of the beginning text. This is besides one of the bases for Pym accusal of transcribers as being mere materialistic experts since the ST may ensue in TTs with which it portions a really tenuous relationship. Loyalty insists that the communicative purposes of the writer be reproduced in the TT. And this can merely be achieved when a elaborate analysis of the ST is done to appreciate its topographic point in the beginning civilization, temporally and spatially. Nord insists that the reading of a text goes beyond the lingual, that it is a merchandise of the many variables of the state of affairs ( clip, topographic point, references ) in which it originated ( 1997: 119 ) , and that the analysis of extratextual factors such as writer, clip, topographic point, or medium may cast some visible radiation on what may hold been the transmitter s purposes ( 125-6 ) . The transcriber so does a similar extratextual surve y of the mark state of affairs to place the look that best reflects the writer s purposes in the mark state of affairs. So in the chief, the TT purposes are hinged on those of the ST. Decision It is self-evident that a text is unfastened to multiple readings, and interlingual renditions. But Nord s impression of map plus trueness has so restricted the otherwise arbitrary production of interlingual rendition Jockey shortss and interlingual renditions that are a far call from the message of the ST. It besides weakens the unfavorable judgment that functionalism advocates a dethronement of the ST. However, the satisfaction of every party involved in the interlingual rendition procedure is merely but an ideal, non ever operable. But trueness has made the transcriber more responsible and witting of their interlingual renditions and increased the assurance of other participants on the transcriber. Indeed if transcribers will adhere to this charge of being loyal, the jobs of mistranslations will be greatly reduced. Mentions Catford, J. C. 1965.A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford. Downie, Jonathan. The End of an Era? Does skopos theory enchantment the terminal of the free V actual paradigm? online: Pneuma Foundation: In depth resources: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pneumafoundation.org/resources/in_depth.jsp Homig, Hans G. 1997. Position, power and pattern: Functionalist attacks and interlingual rendition quality appraisal. InCurrent Issues in Language and Society. Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 7 34. Munday, J. 2008.Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications. 2nd erectile dysfunction. London: Routledge. Nord, Chritiane. 1997. Translation as a Purposeful Activity. Manchester: St Jerome. Nord, Chritiane. 2001. Loyalty revisited: Bible interlingual rendition as a instance in point. The Translator.Vol. 7 No 2, pp. 185 202.. Nord, Chritiane. 2005.Text Analysis in Translation: Theory, Methodology, and Didactic Application of a Model for Translation-Oriented Text Analysis.2nd erectile dysfunction. Amsterdam: Rodopi. Nord, Chritiane. 2007. Function plus Loyalty: Ethical motives in Professional Translation. InGenesis Revista Cientifica do ISAG. Vol 6, pp. 7 17. Pym, Anthony. 1996. Material text transportation as a key to the intents of interlingual rendition. In Albrecht Neubert, Gregory Shreve and Klaus Gommlich ( explosive detection systems. ) 1996,Basic Issues in Translation Studies. Proceedings of the Fifth international Conference Kent Forum on Translation Studies II, Kent/Ohio: Institute of Applied Linguistics, 337-346. Pym, Anthony. 2001. Introduction: The return to moralss in interlingual rendition surveies .The Translator.Vol. 7 No 2, pp. 129 138. Vermeer, Hans J. Skopos and committee in translational action. In L.Venuti ( erectile dysfunction )The Translation Studies Reader. 2nd erectile dysfunction. New York: Routledge, pp. 227 238.

How Does Poverty Effect A Child Young People Essay Example

How Does Poverty Effect A Child Young People Essay Example How Does Poverty Effect A Child Young People Essay How Does Poverty Effect A Child Young People Essay State parties recognise the right of every kid to a criterion of life adequate for the child`s physical, mental, religious, moral and societal development. ( UN Convention, Article 27 ) ( Daniel, P, 1998, p50 ) There are two definitions of poorness ; absolute and comparative. Absolute poorness refers to a set of criterions which is the same in all states and which does non alter over clip, whereas comparative poorness refers to a criterion which is defined in footings in which the person lives. In Britain we refer to relative poorness when discoursing poorness, harmonizing to End kid poorness. Org ( 2009 ) 4 million kids, one in three, are presently populating in poorness in the UK, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.endpoverty.org/ Any family with an income of less than 60 % of the British Median is classified as in poorness. The official cut off line is ?199 per hebdomad for individual parents and ?283.20 for a two parent household after lodging has been paid ( Gentleman, Amelia, 2009 ) It is frequently argued that if kids are housed, fed and have entree to liberate health care that they have nil to kick about, Hilary Fisher, manager of the run to End Child Poverty would differ saying half Dickensian, half wartime, with images of kids in ill-fitting apparels, is really far from world. Peoples have particularly outdated constructs of British poorness ( Gentleman, Amelia, 2009 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.guardian.co.uk/society/2009/mar/18/child-poverty-labour-eradicate-promise Supplying a hebdomad s worth of repasts for three people for ?6.66 a caput is easy one time you work out how, .The gas and electricity payments for the hebdomad have already been made, so she knows the kids will be warm. A female parent s words quoted from an article from The Guardian. She besides rejects the suggestion that her household might be described as hapless. Oh no, she says steadfastly. We get by. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.guardian.co.uk/society/2009/mar/18/child-poverty-labour-eradicate-promise Poverty normally means kids miss out on school trips, do non hold equal winter vesture and are nt able to bask leisure activities with their equals. As a consequence, their instruction suffers doing it hard to acquire the makings they need to travel on to sustainable, well-paid occupations. This limits their possible to gain the money needed to back up their ain households in ulterior life, and so a rhythm of poorness is created. Harmonizing to Rowntree the two most important causes of child poorness are long-run unemployment and the turning figure of low paid occupations. ( Daniel, P, 1998, p59 ) Children who grow up in poorness face a greater hazard of holding hapless wellness, being exposed to offense and neglecting to make their full potency. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/strategy/parents/childpoverty/childpoverty/ Childhood is the most vulnerable clip of life and wellness inequalities can hold permanent effects throughout life. Good wellness in the early old ages lays the foundations for positive development. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hmg.gov.uk/newopportunities/early_years/priority.aspx Katy Morton says kids populating in poorness are more likely to be corpulent and have hapless dental wellness. ( Nursery World ) . Fleshiness can take to an increased hazard of diabetes, bosom disease, high blood force per unit area, degenerative arthritis and some malignant neoplastic diseases. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.food.gov.uk/science/dietarysurveys/lidnsbranch/ Attachment theory is the joint work of John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth ( Ainsworth A ; Bowlby, 1991 ) . He thereby revolutionized our believing about a kid s tie to the female parent and its break through separation, want, and mourning. Mary Ainsworth contributed the construct of the attachment figure as a unafraid base from which an baby can research the universe. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.psychology.sunysb.edu/attachment/online/inge_origins.pdf. Poverty reduces the parental bond and fond regard between parent and kid, due to the parent being pre-occupied with fiscal jobs, lodging concerns and wellness jobs, harmonizing to surveies of parents in hapless households ( Huston, 199 ; McLoyd, 1990 ; Sampson A ; Laub, 1994 ) ( Rudolph Schaffer, H, p346 ) This could be argued that kids whose parents are out of work and are at place with the kids may hold a better fond regard with their kids due to clip spent at home` the first few months are critical in order for babes to organize healthy attachments.` hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hmg.gov.uk/newopportunities/early_years/priority.aspx These surveies besides suggested that kid that come from poorer places frequently live in a helter-skelter and disorganised mode due to parents being excessively busy with their ain jobs and that kids would more likely to be attracted to playing in the street and are more likely to come to harm within the place and exterior of the place. That parents are more likely to utilize `erratic` and ` disciplinary techniques` to utilize physical penalty on their kids. ( Rudolph Schaffer, H, p346 ) Many kids who face poorness flight harm and develop into well-functioning grownups. ( Rudolph, Schaffer, H, p347 ) Poverty does non ever lead to inadequate parenting but can hold great effects on the children`s ego regard and ego image taking to depression and ineptitude. ( Rudolph, Schaffer, H, p347 ) Childs who have rational, athletic or artistic endowment which leads to fulfilment are more likely to follow acceptable tracts instead than taking into anti-social behavior, force and offense. ( Rudolph, Schaffer, H, p347 ) Where kids who come from poorness their parents may non be able to afford the fees for such activities and non be able to fund the equipment needed, this could ensue in the kid non being able to develop their endowments. ( Rudolph, Schaffer, H, p347 ) It was in 1867 that Thomas Barnado set up the Ragged School and get downing assisting the abused, vulnerable, disregarded and ignored kids of east London and his work still continues today. `Barnardo s vision today is that the lives of all kids and immature people should be free from poorness, maltreatment and favoritism. Barnardo s believe in the abused, the vulnerable, the forgotten and the ignored. We pledge to back up them, stand up for them and convey out the best in each and every child` hypertext transfer protocol: //www.barnardos.org.uk/who_we_are/history.htm A government-commissioned study on wellness inequalities will supply a cardinal influence on future public wellness policy in the UK, harmonizing to Health Secretary Frank Dobson the Acheson study published in 1998 demonstrates the being of wellness disparities and their relationship to societal category, the study calls for an addition in benefits for anticipant female parents as they have unequal diets. There is significant grounds that reduced breast-feeding, small-for-gestational-age birth weight, Fe and I deficiency, and protein-energy malnutrition ( PEM ) are associated with long-run shortages in knowledge and school accomplishment. However, all these conditions are associated with poorness and hapless wellness, harmonizing to a study by S. M. Grantham-McGregor, S. P. Walker and S. Chang hypertext transfer protocol: //journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext? type=1 A ; fid=796168 A ; jid=PNS A ; volumeId=59 A ; issueId=01 A ; aid=796156 Cognitive development are phases that kids have to go through through to understand and do sense of the universe about them as stated by Piaget ( Kehily, M, J, pg, 145, 2009 ) Besides saying that poorness has a disproportional consequence on kids, and kids under two are more expensive to look after than older kids, but Income Support degrees do non reflect this. Furthermore it states that many low income households do non hold adequate money to purchase the points and services necessary for good wellness, intending that money for nutrient is frequently used to run into exigencies. The study calls for more support for schools in disadvantaged countries, better nutrition at schools and wellness promoting schools . Promoting wellness through the course of study, offering free fresh fruit and avoid seting sweet machines on the premises. The study besides states kids from disadvantaged backgrounds achieve less at school than other kids and are more likely to travel on to acquire severely paid occupations or be unemployed. This leads to a barbarous circle of wellness jobs associated with low income and a prolongation of the poorness trap. The hapless are besid es twice every bit likely to hold drink jobs as the rich. Seventeen per cent of hapless work forces and 6 % of hapless adult females has an intoxicant job, compared with 8 % of rich work forces and 3 % of rich adult females. hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/222649.stm Work force and adult females with a lower degree of educational accomplishment tended to hold a less healthy diet harmonizing to consequences from The Low Income Diet and Nutrition Survey ( LIDNS ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.food.gov.uk/science/dietarysurveys/lidnsbranch/ In Britain in 1997, one place in every three was classified as a low-income family. With kids being raised in poorness were less likely to go to school on a regular footing, non come oning on to farther instruction and deriving makings to take into employment. Girls were more likely to go immature female parents and to fall into the same rhythm of want as their parents. There is a strong nexus between childhood experiences and grownup life-chances. Former Prime Minister, Tony Blair, pledged in 1999, to stop kid poorness by 2020 with an interim mark to halve child poorness by 2010/11. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.insidegovernment.co.uk/children/child_poverty/ Children life in poorness normally have to populate in hapless lodging conditions, this can take to the kid holding wellness jobs like asthma, bronchitis, life in bad lodging can do terrible ill-health and disablement before they reach in-between age. they are more likely to be absent from school, kid development suffers due to their place being cold and moistness, their chest injuries when they breathe, and non being able to kip at dark, when the warming does non work as an article by lisa Harker provinces. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.guardian.co.uk/society/2006/sep/13/comment.guardiansocietysupplementEvery Child Matters authorities programme for kid public assistance picks out wellness, safety, economic wellbeing, doing a positive part, basking and accomplishing as the critical factors that form kids s lives, there is no expressed acknowledgment of the function that lodging dramas Children s mental wellness is besides affected. Harmonizing to` The Shelter` kids are teased at school because their apparels odor of moistness, which affects assurance and they have low self-esteem. The status of the house makes it hard kids to hold friends round to play, which impacts on their societal development. hypertext transfer protocol: //image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Society/documents/2006/09/12/Lifechancereport.pdf In 1999 the Government made it a precedence to eliminate kid poorness within a coevals. The Child Poverty Bill was introduced to supply a statutory footing for the committedness made by the authorities in 1999 to eliminate child poorness by 2020. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.politics.co.uk/legislation/children-and-family/child-poverty-bill- $ 1307945.htm `Sure Start brings together child care, early instruction, wellness and family-support services for households with kids under 5 old ages old. It is the basis of the Government s thrust to undertake child poorness and societal exclusion working with parents-to-be, parents, carers and kids to advance the physical, rational and societal development of babes and immature kids so that they can boom at place and when they get to school.` hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/earlyyears/surestart/aboutsurestart/aboutsurestart/ From April 2009 expectant female parents are able to acquire a one-off, tax-exempt payment called the Health in Pregnancy Grant. The grant is a one-off payment of ?190 the money is to assist parents with cost of a new babe. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hmrc.gov.uk/hipg/what-is-it.htm # 1 besides a manner of promoting pregnant adult females to eat more healthily, to pass more money on fruit and veggies. This was argued by Dr Mark porter from the Times that many female parents to be would pass the grant on `booze` and `fags` instead than on enriching nutrient for their unborn. Recent research has shown that the nutritionary position of the female parent during gestation can hold a profound long-run impact on her unborn babe s wellness. This can change the babe s metamorphosis, for good increasing the likeliness of a scope of jobs in big life, including fleshiness, bosom disease and high blood force per unit area. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_s tyle/health/features/article6086365.ece Anticipant female parents non holding the sufficient vitamin can hold greater hazard of kids developing diabetes, multiple induration and perchance even autism harmonizing to Dr Mark Porter from The Times. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/features/article6086365.ece ADHD is associated with kids of low birth weight ; baccy, intoxicant and cocaine maltreatment during gestation although there is small grounds that ADHD can originate strictly out of societal or environmental factors such as poorness, household pandemonium, diet or hapless parent direction ( Barkley, 1990 ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.adhdtraining.co.uk/about.php The strong association noted in a survey between maternal mental wellness and childhood ADHD, single-parent households of lower income may be the most affected population. hypertext transfer protocol: //pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/111/5/S1/1232 The Government introduced the Child Benefit in 1977 replacing household allowances and child revenue enhancement allowances it is a tax-exempt payment that can be claimed for kids. . There are two separate sums, with a higher sum for the eldest ( or merely ) kid of ?20.00 a hebdomad ?13.20 a hebdomad for any other kids. Child Benefit is flat-rate and non age-related. `The instance for age relation is that kids become more expensive as they grow older. ` .http: //www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/socialsecurity.htm? CFID=538533 A ; CFTOKEN=eec3c7817f178fc-6136AFC9-D609-CB06-42FF4E4FAC7FCB18 A ; jsessionid=5030a3ed25e20497a47539430a692d643d45TR Child Trust Fund ( CTF ) is a nest eggs and investing history for kids. Children born on or after 1 September 2002 will have a ?250 verifier to get down their history. The history belongs to the kid and ca nt be touched until they turn 18, so that kids have some money behind them to get down their grownup life. Working Tax Credits was introduced in 1998 with the kid attention revenue enhancement recognition lending to 70 % of child care for most households to assist them back into work. ( Pugh, G, p12, 2010 ) Harmonizing to a study by Steve Doughty, Labours Tax Credits is being blamed for the break-up of households and the doubling of divorce rates in low income households with kids. Curates acknowledge that kids being raised by married twosomes or complete household units are more likely to make better at school, have a better diet and are less likely to turn to offense and unemployment as those kids coming from individual parent households and measure households. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1158700/Tax-credits-DO-help-break-families-Parents-encouraged-divorce-claim-higher-benefits-says-report.html Tax Credits is to fault for the excess 45,000 excess babes born annually harmonizing to research from the Fiscal Studies. With all the aid from the authorities and all the inducement strategies why do kids still populating in poorness, do parents necessitate to be better educated and should kids larn money direction at school. The Government s Every Child Matters Outcomes Framework should be revised to reflect the direct impact that lodging has on all facets of kids s life opportunities

Banking law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Banking law - Essay Example For example in Barclays Bank Plc v O’Brien the House of Lords ruled that when the burden shifts to the stronger party to prove that there was no undue influence, the burden can be discharged by proof that the weaker party voluntarily entered into the agreement or the transaction and this can be proven by showing that the weaker party had the benefit of independent legal advice.7 It has been subsequently ruled that where undue influence is presumed, the bank’s security will stand on whether or not the surety had the benefit of independent legal advice.8 It was not altogether clear whether banks had a duty to ensure that vulnerable sureties sought independent legal advice. The courts had merely stated that the burden of proof could be discharged by showing that the vulnerable surety had voluntarily entered into the transaction and this could be shown by proof that the vulnerable surety had the benefit of independent legal advice. The matter was more clearly stated by the House of Lords in Royal Bank of Scotland v Etridge (no.2). In Royal Bank of Scotland v Etridge, the House of Lords ruled that the bank is required to take all reasonable steps to ensure that the vulnerable surety was appropriately apprised of the transaction and what this means is that the bank would require that the vulnerable surety had the benefit of independent legal advice.9 Further guidance was provided by the House of Lords in National Westminster Bank v Amin. In the case, the bank applied to the court for the defendant’s defence of undue influence on the part of her son who was a business man. In this case, the bank had previously required that their solicitors clarify and explain the details and consequences of the transaction to which the defendant would provide...Banks should also want to be sure that vulnerable sureties are exercising free and unimpeded judgement from the onset. Therefore the requirement of independent legal advice should not be an obstacle to ban ks taking on vulnerable securities. It should merely be perceived as a necessary step toward ensuring that vulnerable securities may not be rescinded at a later date. The requirement of independent legal advice is commercial sound and reasonable in that it seeks to safeguard the interests of all parties involved, including the bank. The principle debtor is ensured that he or she will obtain the benefit of a loan on the strength of a promise that the surety will provide security for the loan or discharge the debt in the event he or she is unable to. The bank obtains the necessary security for the loan and the surety is committed to loan. Each of these interests are equally important and it is in each of the party’s best interest to ensure that the vulnerable surety is fully aware of his or her obligations and the consequences of the transaction. Neither the bank nor the principle debtor will benefit from a transaction in which the surety is unaware of the consequences of the transaction is unable to fully understand or appreciate the consequences of the transaction. It makes sense that since the bank wants to ensure the integrity of its secu rities, that it would take the minimal step of requiring that vulnerable sureties seek independent legal advice.

Authority in Tudor Era England Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Authority in Tudor Era England - Essay Example However, it is worth mentioning that the events that followed point out that the Henrician Reformation was not successful in itself i.e. when taken on its own. The events that followed Henry VIII’s death did cause the Protestant Reformation to be a success in England. The circumstances and public opinion helped ensure that. However, from the point of view of the Reformation that Henry VIII sought to bring about, or did bring about, it is clear to see that it was not a success. Although there were many features that are considered to be factors to the English Reformation, the emergence of common law and feelings of nationalism, as well as the weakening of feudalism, along with the creation of the printed press that resulted in an increased flow of information and thought in the academia, however, it was basically the government policy, that of Henry VIII to be exact, that was the leading cause of this Reformation, with some claiming the entire cause of the Reformation to be Hen ry VIII’s particular needs (Newcombe 1). Henry VIII, who had married his brother’s widow, Catherine of Aragon, did not have a male heir. He now sought to marry Anne Boleyn, his present wife’s maid of honor. ... Caught between a desire to marry Anne Boleyn, and keeping his faith intact, Henry VIII was further influenced by those in his Court, who took this as an opportunity to further goad the King into declaring the Crown’s break from Papal authority. Anne Boleyn and those who sided with her ensured that the King was slowly enticed into breaking away from the Papal authority. Henry VIII, for his own reasons, was swayed by the counsel he was provided. Using praemunire, an edict that forbade allegiance to foreign rulers, Henry VIII moved against the clergy of England who supported the non-annulment of his marriage to Catherine. He proclaimed that all allegiance was owed to him and that he had spiritual jurisdiction as well. Henry VIII proclaimed that only those clergy who agreed to this would be pardoned, the others to be prosecuted under praemunire. However, this alone cannot be termed as the lone precursor to the Henrician Reformation. Other factors also fostered and furthered the Re formation. One such factor was the invention of the printing press. With the inventing of the printing press, the distribution of the Bible was made much easier, what is more the Bible was distributed amongst the masses, or smuggled. This, along with German reformer Martin Luther’s views regarding the sacrament of the altar being subservient to the preaching of the word, entailed that now people were no longer dependant on the interpretation of the Bible by the clergy alone. This also sought to cause harm to the Papal authority. Slowly, with the influence of Anne Boleyn, these ideas were transported into the English towns and village, although it is pertinent to note that the people did not support them at first. As

International Business and Cultural Diversity Essay - 1

International Business and Cultural Diversity - Essay Example In the modern, contemporary society, one of the most overused terms is culture (Samovar, Porter and McDaniel 2012). According to Schein 2010, culture can be divided into four broad categories. These are macro cultures, subcultures, organizational cultures and micro-cultures (Bosshardt 2006). Culture is a dynamic phenomenon and a basic background structure that has the effect of influencing us in a wide variety of ways. It is constantly changing and reenacted by our constant interactions with other people and is progressively shaped by our own behavior. The main connection between culture and leadership can clearly be seen in microcultures and organizational cultures where the culture in such systems is usually thought of as the end result of the embedding that an organization’s founder or leader within the group has imposed upon it and it with positive results (Schein, 2010). Culture can also be broadly defined as a set of shared values like beliefs, norms, behaviors, attitudes, material objects and symbolic resources. Basically speaking it can be thought of as the basic rules for functioning and living within a given society (Samovar, Porter and McDaniel 2012). Variables can broadly be defined as items that we can control, measure or even manipulate while performing research. They are viewed as characteristics that have the potential of having more than one value or score. They can be viewed as being relatively straightforward for instance when we consider variables such as income or age while sometimes they can be viewed as being relatively abstract such as when we are considering items such as a degree of prejudice or even social class (Inglehart and Welzel 2007). Researchers constantly analyze variables in order to determine how they end up influencing each other.Social variables can be viewed as logical sets of attributes. An attribute of a person is either male or female will have the main variable of gender or sex (Weinstein 2005).

Impact of Nutrition Transition on Food and Nutrition System

Impact of Nutrition Transition on Food and Nutrition System IMPACT OF THE NUTRITION TRANSITION ON FOOD AND NUTRITION SYSTEM OF INDIA Student: Thara Baby Akshai Babu 1.0 INTRODUCTION One of the largest food producing country in the world is India (Singh et al, 2012). But 21% of the total population is under nourished (Singh et al, 2012). About 300 million people struggle for meeting their meals 2 times a day (Singh et al, 2012).Nutritional profile is a important factor of the progress in which nation has made in the modern days (Sachdev et al, 2004). Due to this factor there are many effects and implications in the everyday life of the normal people (Sachdev et al, 2004). The achievements are only for the highly economically privileged sections of the society. Due to the nutritional transition occurred, the development of the early adult hood disease is one of the main adverse effect in the daily living of the people (Sachdev et al, 2004). As a result, the rates of mortality as well as morbidity increased as well (Sachdev et al, 2004). Recent researches suggest that 40% of mortality rate in developing countries are due to Non communicable diseases and the rate is 75% in developed countries (Prakash Shetty, 2002). Due to the nutritional transition and changes in the life style pattern of the people, there is increase in the energy intake as well as decrease in the energy expenditure in the daily living activities (Sachdev et al, 2004). 2.0 EFFECTS OF TRANSITION IN THE NORMAL LIFE OF PEOPLE 2.1. Health consequences associated with transition. By the development of Nutrition transition, many adverse effects have been occurring (Sachdev et al, 2004). The most powerful evidence is the increase in the rate of risk towards the diseases like diabetes mellitus (Type 2), metabolic syndromes, coronary heart diseases, increased blood pressure etc. (Sachdev et al, 2004). It is expected that the rate of incidence of disease and death due to the CHD will be about 60% rather than any other infectious diseases in the upcoming years (Sachdev et al, 2004). And besides it is predicted that India will be the country with more diabetic patients in turn among the age of 45-64 than any other developing countries in 2025 (Sachdev et al, 2004). India is likewise in the path of demographic transition where the pace of life expectancy increases while the birth rate falls (Prakash Shetty, 2002). 2.2. Dietary Consumption and life style changes due to Nutrition transition in India. Sudden changes in the quantity of dietary intake on developing countries indicate an increase in per capita availability of food (Prakash Shetty, 2002) . It is as good as accompanied by the quantitative changes in the diet (Prakash Shetty, 2002).According to the food balance data sheet produced by Food And Agricultural Organisation(FAO) the amount of intake of animal fats, sugar in Asian countries has been increased where as the change in energy intake is small (Prakash Shetty, 2002).it is considered that the intake of fat both from vegetables and animal is drastically increasing each year. Data shows that from the diet, high income group consume 37% energy from fat as well as low income group consumes only 17%.Nutrition transition affects the women and children. Mal nutrition and obesity are the major problems seen among women (Sachdev et al, 2004). Overweight and Obesity seen among the higher class women where as malnourishment in the lower economic class women in the society (G riffiths Paula, 2001). According to WHO, In India 1% of the preschool childhood is prone to obesity (Prakash Shetty, 2002). As the situation goes on, India will be facing a dual challenge which is the biggest problems, i.e., overweight and malnourishment. There will be children with overweight where as the incidence of mortality and morbidity will be also increasing at the same time due to the malnutrition (Griffiths Paula, 2001). Since 1970’s, many national level surveys have been taken by the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB), chiefly on the diet, nutrition and food consumption pattern of India (Prakash Shetty, 2002). In the year of 1975-1995, the survey was conducted and the NNMB reported the advance in the sufficient calorie intake in India, where as there is a gradual decrease in the amount of intake of cereal and grains in the diet (Prakash Shetty, 2002). It is believed that because of the heavy uptake of proteins and fat in the diet (Prakash Shetty, 2002). Consumption of legumes and pulses which is an important source of vegetable protein in the routine diet of India has decreased dramatically (Prakash Shetty, 2002).According to the Food Balance sheet data, the trend in the supply of animal product has increased from 7.0g in 1965 to 12.9gm in 1999.So the intake of energy in the diet is just double than needed. I.e. it increased to 192 kcal from 104 kcal per capita per day. The intak e of high fat and energy content will result in Obesity and overweight (Prakash Shetty, 2002). India is one of the biggest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world, however much of this does not appear to be contemplated in the uptake (Prakash Shetty, 2002). May be largely the effect of their production as cash crops for exports and sales (Prakash Shetty, 2002).This situation can lead to the extent loss of soil and micronutrients that are not advantageous to local people (Prakash Shetty, 2002). Economic development seems to contribute to improvement in intakes of legumes and veggies and these changes may be advantageous (Prakash Shetty, 2002). But these changes with socioeconomic status are also frequently linked with less intakes of inferior quality cereal grain and increased dependence on highly polished varieties that may bring down the intakes of dietary fibre (Prakash Shetty, 2002). 2.3. Changes in Physical Activity. Due to the increased mechanisation in the world, the level of physical activity has been decreased. Humans are more relied on automatic machines and motor cars rather than manual operating system and bicycles (Singh et al, 2012). Decrease in the productive manual work and decreased energy spend in work leads to the development of diseases. Now days, the trend is like more leisure time and less working time (Singh et al, 2012). And most of the people spend their leisure time for the sedentary activities such as watching TV, computer games and so on, thus changing the construction of leisure time and encroaching on the time usually allocated to other activities including weekday sleep (Singh et al, 2012). 3.0. FOOD DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OF INDIA (FDS) One of the largest food producing country in the world is India (Singh et al, 2012). But 21% of the total population is under nourished (Singh et al, 2012). About 300 million people struggle for meeting their meals 2 times a day (Singh et al, 2012).it shows the problem of receptiveness to the sufficient nutritive food to the poor class in past(Singh et al, 2012). The report suggest that between the period of 1960-2009, there is a dramatically decline in the public investment to the agriculture (Singh et al, 2012). Certain measures are taken by the government among the states in the country (Singh et al, 2012). In India Public Distribution of Food is through FCI (Food Corporation Of India) (Singh et al, 2012). And through this system India reduced the risk of famine but the sufficiency, the quality and nutritive value of food is still a big challenge (Singh et al, 2012).The food management aims at processing food grains from farmers at profitable prices, supplying food grains to the consumers, especially the poor and the affected sections of the society at affordable prices and maintain food buffer for food security and price stability (Singh et al, 2012). The main important factor in public distribution system is minimum support price (MSP) and central issue price (CIP) (Singh et al, 2012). The uneconomical rise in the inventory of food grains with FCI has given rise to the overall economic cost of food grain to FCI and has had an untoward impression on the efficacy of food based safety nets in India (Singh et al, 2012). 4.0 CONCLUSION In this review, I am attempting to establish some important determinants that characterize the nutrition and development transitions that is happening in a country like India. The transitions especially demographic, nutritional, epidemiological transitions affects the normal life pattern of the people and it changes the followed methods of consumption of food, physical activities, which leads to the path of sedentarism which leads to the greatest problems obesity and other non communicable diseases (Singh et al, 2012). There are some other factors contributing to the emergence of chronic diseases in India. Contamination of food sources of pesticides, chemical fertilizers, and toxic contaminants is common in rapidly industrializing societies. Globalization of trade encourages cash crops for export and the consequent movement of important micronutrients, which are now not available to the local population and at the same time promotes increased vulnerability with agricultural productio n subjects to the pressing of global free trade and competition (Singh et al, 2012, p. 133). Thus, economic development contributes to increasing inequalities and exposure to factors that are harmful to health and may thus contributing to increasing NCD risk in developing societies in sudden developmental transition like India The Government should plan of carrying on a continuous and exhaustive research to track the need and supply of food grains selling in the market. This would ensure future forecast onfoodprices and would facilitate the Governmentinpolicy making. Universalisation of food grain distribution needs an alternative clean and transparent/ PDS method other than through the FCI at the national level and Fair Price Shops at the bottom level. This calls for developing suitable operational policies for FCI to rationalize its buffer stocks, slowly unload more inventory of cereals and strengthening of the existing PDS by bringingin transparency andaccountabilityat the ultimate distribution point. This first step will improve supply situation and prevent price rise. Thus, while the proposed NFSA will address the supply driven distribution side of the food grains, the nation needs to develop an appropriate system of food management keeping in perspective the overall demand and supply situation. 5.0 REFERENCES: Prakash, Shetty. (2002).NutritionTransition in India.PublicHealth Nutrition. 5 (1),  175-82. Sachdev, HPS. (2004).Nutritionaltransition in theback drop of early life orgin of  adult diseases: A challenge for the future.Indian journal ofmedical Research. 119  (4), iii-v. Griffiths, Paula, L. (2001). TheNutritionTransition is underway in India.The journal   ofNUTRITION. 131 (10), 2692-700 Singh. (2012).Food securityin India’s issues and challenges.Anusandanika. 4 (2),  128-133.

Realistic Dual Natures in Louisa May Alcotts Little Women Essay

Realistic Dual Natures in Alcott’s Little Women â€Å"Everyone carries a shadow, and the less it is embodied in the individual†²s conscious life, the blacker and denser it is† - Carl Jung Each of us has the capacity for virtue or vice, and our daily actions reflect the combination of both.   In literature, however, people are sometimes depicted as being completely one or the other, giving us inaccurate views of human nature.   We identify better with characters who are more like us--neither completely good nor bad.   Meg, Jo and Amy March in Alcott’s Little Women do not flatly portray complete good or complete evil, but their realistic dual natures increase their believability and intensify their moral influence on us.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This character duality is first evident in Margaret, the eldest sister, as we receive a description detailing her looks and countenance.   Meg is â€Å"very pretty† with â€Å"large eyes, plenty of soft, brown hair, a sweet mouth, and white hands, of which she was rather vain† (Alcott[1] 5).   This description leads the reader through sweetness and innocence, finishing with a flaw.   From the beginning, her vanity glares at us as her most obvious fault.   Yet, in â€Å"spite of her small vanities, Margaret had a sweet and pious nature, which unconsciously influenced her sisters† (LW 16).   Contrasting the negativity in Meg’s personality is a kind and remarkable side.   Both vanity and kindness represent themselves throughout the novel as we evaluate the effects this duality has upon our judgment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Leading the novel, Meg’s vanity manifests itself in her desires for Christmas.   Times are difficult and money is tight, yet Meg has ideals of her own regarding the Christmas money.   She explains to ... ...  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The implications of the novel may not fully impact us until later, after we take the time to examine the flaws and strengths we see in Meg, Jo, and Amy.   Like us, these three March girls are completely human--possessing dual natures of both good and evil--and because of their realistic natures, they have a greater moral influence on us.   Once we fully examine the characters, we examine ourselves and have the responsibility to act on the characters’ influence.   We can learn willingly from these characters and use their experiences to recognize our faults, like the March girls who are always quick to note their own shortcomings. Note: 1 All further references to Alcott’s Little Women are to the edition listed in the Works Cited and will be labeled simply LW followed by page numbers. Work Cited Alcott, Louisa May. Little Women. New York: Signet, 1983. Realistic Dual Natures in Louisa May Alcott's Little Women Essay Realistic Dual Natures in Alcott’s Little Women â€Å"Everyone carries a shadow, and the less it is embodied in the individual†²s conscious life, the blacker and denser it is† - Carl Jung Each of us has the capacity for virtue or vice, and our daily actions reflect the combination of both.   In literature, however, people are sometimes depicted as being completely one or the other, giving us inaccurate views of human nature.   We identify better with characters who are more like us--neither completely good nor bad.   Meg, Jo and Amy March in Alcott’s Little Women do not flatly portray complete good or complete evil, but their realistic dual natures increase their believability and intensify their moral influence on us.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This character duality is first evident in Margaret, the eldest sister, as we receive a description detailing her looks and countenance.   Meg is â€Å"very pretty† with â€Å"large eyes, plenty of soft, brown hair, a sweet mouth, and white hands, of which she was rather vain† (Alcott[1] 5).   This description leads the reader through sweetness and innocence, finishing with a flaw.   From the beginning, her vanity glares at us as her most obvious fault.   Yet, in â€Å"spite of her small vanities, Margaret had a sweet and pious nature, which unconsciously influenced her sisters† (LW 16).   Contrasting the negativity in Meg’s personality is a kind and remarkable side.   Both vanity and kindness represent themselves throughout the novel as we evaluate the effects this duality has upon our judgment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Leading the novel, Meg’s vanity manifests itself in her desires for Christmas.   Times are difficult and money is tight, yet Meg has ideals of her own regarding the Christmas money.   She explains to ... ...  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The implications of the novel may not fully impact us until later, after we take the time to examine the flaws and strengths we see in Meg, Jo, and Amy.   Like us, these three March girls are completely human--possessing dual natures of both good and evil--and because of their realistic natures, they have a greater moral influence on us.   Once we fully examine the characters, we examine ourselves and have the responsibility to act on the characters’ influence.   We can learn willingly from these characters and use their experiences to recognize our faults, like the March girls who are always quick to note their own shortcomings. Note: 1 All further references to Alcott’s Little Women are to the edition listed in the Works Cited and will be labeled simply LW followed by page numbers. Work Cited Alcott, Louisa May. Little Women. New York: Signet, 1983.

Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution Essay

My topic is a rally car made by the Japanese company Mitsubishi. This machine is considered one of the best rally cars in the world. And they are used as cars in our everyday life. The car I am going to be focusing on is the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution in Short Evo. The evolution is a racing car modern transportation car. | Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution. The Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution short (evo) is a product of Japan. It was created as a separate branch to the lancer. The Evolution was intended as a Professional Rally car. The car turned out so well that there were numerous requests for a road car. The evolution was then turned into a sports sedan. The reason I love Evolution so much and would like others to know is because of the way the car was created. If for example you are a driver that loves a sporty car but has a family the Evolution is perfect it has five seats so that the whole family can go. The car is also 4by4 which means that it can go through stormy weather and the drive can feel confident. The Evolution has great prices as well so that means that you can get almost up to three hundred horsepower and a turbo for an affordable price. One of the reasons that the Evolution is so famous is for its handling it was created for rally racing which means that even though the sedan may be different it is still similar. The handling on an Evolution is one of the best in the world for a sedan. Due to the Gentlemen’s Agreement which stated in Japan that no production car would have more than 300 horsepower the Evolutions in Japan, Europe and North America some of the versions of the Evolution where different. In the future Mitsubishi is planning on making more Evolutions but it is still unclear about the look of the car. Mitsubishi claims that the car is going to have some medications and Versions of it might run on Electricity and there probably will be Hybrids. The Conclusion that I came up with is that if you are a family person but always wanted something sporty under $30,000 and something the whole family can go on this would be your choice. The car has magnificent handling and it is very safe. It has a very flashy look and enough power under the hood to keep you going for a long time. In my personal opinion if you have a family a two setter sports car would not go as good with the family, but a sports sedan would.

buy custom Under the Cope of Heaven by Patricia U. Bonomi essay

buy custom Under the Cope of Heaven by Patricia U. Bonomi essay In her literary work, Patricia U. Bonomi overviews the topic of religion during the colonial years. The author provides a detailed narrative about religious life, conflict, and toleration in the United States of those times. Also, Bonomi investigates the relationship between religion and politics, specifically their tight links. The study illuminates the crucial role of religion in the American Revolution. The author researches the religious life in the Middle and Southern colonies depicting its vitality among churchgoers and clergy. Moreover, this updated edition of the book contains a new preface on the study of African American people, Indians, the Great Awakening, and women opening the new perspective on the issue. Under the Cope of Heaven is an enlightening story showing the impact the religion has made on the American society during the colonial period. Therefore, Bonomi's book demonstrates that religion has been a political, as well as economic instrument that shaped American life and values at that time. Under the Cope of Heaven begins with an overview of colonies, specifically their religion. Bonomi argues that religious toleration was granted to colonies in order to promote immigration. Furthermore, the author states that this act has been done begrudgingly. The most interesting part of the study is masterful connections the author makes between religion and the Revolution. The writer shows that the latter has been a key motivator forcing colonists to question the authority's power. The literary work regards not only the religious argumentation but also the set of religious events in the scopes of revolution in late years of colonial America. At the same time, the author dispels the two myths: the religious decline in that century and an irreligion of the Middle Colonies. In fact, there was no substantive decline in religiosity but there were enough congregations per capita in the Middle Colonies. Bonomi concludes the book with an informative section portraying the Great Awakening and the contribution it has made to the American Revolution. In her book, Bonomi refers to multiple sermons that prove the greatly individualized conception of the Christian faith. Thus, the author provides the audience with a good summary of the emerging ideology showing her own understanding of the colonials situation. In this respect, Bonomi discovers the religious productivity of the tradition existing in the American colonies. The author investigated why this tradition seemed so relevant to the late colonial crisis. The entire book depicts convincingly that religion has played a vital role in the Revolution, as well as its expansion. Moreover, the two chapters of Bonomi's religious discovery explore the Great Awakening underlying the resistance within the clergy. This friction has led to the conditional neglect of the impact the Awakening has made on the lay people. The author maintains that the revival converted models of popular participation in organized opposition to authority (Bonomi, 2003, p. 161). Thereby, Under the Cope of Heaven is an informative study of the writer who has made a deep research in order to characterize the particular era. Under the Cope of Heaven is a powerful and thought-provoking book. Bonomi demonstrates religious, as well as the political background of American people living in the colonial period. In her study, the author also regarded Americans' attitude towards the Revolution. Bonomi also examined political and religious concerns existing in the colonial America. At the same time, Bonomi's book is a valuable investigation of the development of colonial religion and tradition existing at those times. Although Bonomi's work is provocative, it is respectfully written taking into consideration the opposing views. Thereby, the book possesses style and grace of the author, as well as a stimulating new perspective on the developmental era of the religious culture of America. Buy custom "Under the Cope of Heaven" by Patricia U. Bonomi essay

20 Narrative Essay Topics on Arranged Marriages in India

20 Narrative Essay Topics on Arranged Marriages in India If you are tasked with writing a narrative essay on arranged marriages in India, then you might be looking for a prompt, or topic, that you can use to make your writing piece the best piece possible. If so, there are twenty useful topics below on the idea of arranged marriages: Why Divorce Rates Are Lower Among Contractual Marriages in India How Loving Indian Parents Should Evaluate Potential Matches In a Marriage A Time When You Had to Fulfill Your Parents Wishes And You Found That In Doing So You Were Much Happier A Personal Story Which Exemplifies How Respect and Trust You Had For Someone Else Transformed Into Love A Time When You Realized the Foundation for Love Was Not Just Feelings It Takes a Lifetime to Learn How to Love Someone in Indian Arranged Marriages Explain Why Brides Need a Dowry in India The Theme of Commitment Involved in Arranged Marriages in India A Time You Made a True Commitment to Something, With No Visible Exit Strategy A Story About a Time You Challenged What Your Parents Wanted For You An Event in Your Life Where You Were Considered an Embarrassment in Your Social Circles For Choosing Something A Time In Your Life Where You Made a Decision Based on a Commitment and Not on Feelings A Time When You Were Encouraged By Individuals or Society to Seek the Approval of A Potential Mate Above All Else A Time When Your Parents Were Responsible for Making a Large Life Decision For You, Similar to An Arranged Marriage in Terms of the Life Impact It Has A Special Celebration or Tradition In Your Family Where Blessings Are Bestowed Upon the People for Whom the Party is Thrown A Time When You Were Asked to Make a Life Altering Decision But You Learned New Information About The Decision After It Was Made An Event Where You Witnessed Real Love Growing or Dying Between Two People What Traits You Were Taught Were Important In Order for You To Become a Successful Adult, Taught When You Were a Child A Time When You Felt Forced to Make a Decision You Did Not Want A Time or Event In Your Life Where You Learned Something New About Someone You Had Lukewarm Feelings For Sample Narrative Essay on the Foundation for Love I never realized. How was I so blind? Steven was there, always there. I was foolish, young, and full of the spirit of adventure. Not wanting to sit still, and certainly not wanting to listen to my parents, I let my young whims and desires run away with me, so to speak. I had my best friend nearby, sure, but he was there to lend a hand in picking up the pieces after I had been broken, or to fill in the dead air when no other plans were made. I was not yet cognizant of the unfairness with which he was treated, or that I had viewed him incorrectly the entire time. To me, love was a silly notion, something that was used as an excuse for people who had religion on their side to get in between the sheets without the fiery wrath of their god or their parents. But I understand and appreciated many of the Greek words for love, such that they presented delineation between the love we feel for family members, for friends, and for those with whom we are intimately involved. I appreciated this thought, as it offered an explanation for the different feelings I had for different people in my life, rather than lumping them all together under one title. Broken, yet again, and sitting alone, there was no second thought about who to call. There was only one person I could stand to see and that one person was the perfect mixture of support, structure, and mutual trust. I was able to rely upon the one person to make me laugh. He never had to ask if I was not feeling well, or if something was wrong. He always knew how to make me laugh. He would say the perfect thing no matter the situation. Suddenly I was quite sick. I was taken over by a serious infection, something the doctors couldn’t diagnose. Multiple hospital visits, countless needles and blood, and restless days spent in bed were only made better by the regular, unasked for visits by my best friend. Never was I only subjected to hospital pillows and food, for he brought me both. Soon enough, a feeling of appreciation developed. I was appreciative for his kind acts. His refusal to leave the bedside, and to always care for me thereafter turned into something stronger. He stood up for what he believed in one day, against all manner of harassment, not backing down from his religion or his love of books. Witnessing this turned my feelings of appreciation into respect. I respected him for his convictions. This level of respect, over the course of many years converted itself into adoration and liking him. I liked him, wanted to be near him, and never wanted to be apart. But with time, this feeling too converted i tself into love. But this love was much stronger than any other love felt before and was unique in its foundation. It had taken me years, multiple years of trials and tribulations before I realized that there were feelings there which were much more important and significant than what many people foolishly considered â€Å"love†. Searching for that one person to make everything right, searching for that one person who was there without even being asked.

Research methodologies, section of Philosophy,Subjectivity,Objectivety Essay

Research methodologies, section of Philosophy,Subjectivity,Objectivety and Ethical consideration - Essay Example Interpretivist believes that thorough analysis can only be conducted in the natural settings of the study while the researcher participates in this natural environment and interprets its subjective understandings. Interpretivist further argue social research has multiple dimensions and according to their research philosophy the effects of researchers own opinion and effects of researcher’s presence upon study cannot be neglected. They concede that knowledge has multiple facets of reality while with the intervention of the researcher, the environmental settings multiply and many aspects come to the screen which help in accessing more and more scientific knowledge. These multiple realities can be explored by multiple structured processes but their interpretations are very difficult to explore because they have interdependent epistemologies (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). Now this intermingled knowledge can be accessed through examining the social construction of the settings and through subjective interpretations which is the backbone of interpretivism doctrine (CARSON, 2001).). It implies that interpretivists design researches considering the social structures and values of the environment under study which makes the research structure and methodology to be more flexible and judgmental because interpretivist attempt to get through multiple dimensions of the research. In order to design a humanly interactive research model which can perceive multiple realities; the interpretivists come in contrast with positivists who focus more empirical analysis. Interpretivist researcher like other researchers also have prior insight of the research topic but as their belief assert the concept of multiple, complex and unpredictable realities; they don’t rely on prescribed research design rather they have the perception to adapt interactive and collaborative ideas according to the natural social construction of reality. This sense of adaptability among interpretivists mar k their research authenticity with the belief of human ability to adapt and explore multiple realities with the passage of time and experience (Hudson and Ozanne, 2005). Positivists try to explore cause and effect of any study and then generalize the estimated result over the whole population while interpretivists struggle to examine specific human and social emerging behaviors such as in a society if death of an individual has taken place, interpretivists will analyze the motives, reasons, timing and context of mourn in the society and then will specify their cultural and traditional epistemology in the process (Hudson and Ozanne 1988). Philosophy of interpretivism assert that human and social behavior cannot be generalized because sociological dealings are way different than natural sciences. Interpretivism further assert that social reality and epistemology is not out there to be collected rather it has to be explored through subjective analysis. Philosophical base of Interpretiv ism states that in examining social reality and knowledge objectivity has no place while positivist contrastingly support that seeing is believing. 3.3.2 Positivism: Positivism is the philosophical doctrine of social science research which follows the belief that social research should be conducted on the methods of natural sciences (Heywood; 2000). Positivists believe that knowledge is out there and that is required

The various nursing intervention approaches to descrease pain among Research Paper

The various nursing intervention approaches to descrease pain among patients with sickle cell disease - Research Paper Example globin chain and is usually found from people of African-American, Middle Eastern, African, Afro-Caribbean, Indian or Mediterranean descent (McMahon, Callaghan, O'Brien, and Smith, 2002, 183) This condition usually results in haemoglobin with increased blood viscosity, dehydration, acidosis, or infection polymerise with less deformable red cells (McMahon et al, 2002). The symptoms of SCD which results to vascular occlusion are painful hand-foot syndromes, cerebrovascular occlusions, chest syndromes, and splenic sequestration resulting to splenic atrophy. It is characterized by the failure of the spleen to function optimally even in the first months of birth that usually leads to overwhelming pneumococcal infection, usually at 20% mortality rate for patients under 5 years old (Overturf, 1999). Since access to health care is seen as one of the main problems for SCD patients (Routhieaux, Sarcone, Stegenga, 2005), it becomes important to identify ways to mitigate its most immediate or im portant effect on patient which is pain described as chronic, acute or both. Pain management is an important element of care for SCD patients and related to pain management are to identify pain treatment, control or reduction. Quality of life is an overarching goal for sick patients even those with genetic disorders such as SCD. Pain reduction is usually related to increased patient satisfaction and improved quality of life even in conditions of disease and chronic pain (Adegbola, 2009). Chronic pain has been reported by people with SCD even when they now have chances of living a longer life (Adegbola, 2009). Use of pain relieving, controlling and treatment method for patients with SCD is then important for the determination of quality delivery of health care services. Various methods are employed in Hospitals settings to treat SCD patients in reducing, controlling, and treating pain. These are influenced by the pain assessor, patient access, affordability, availability, knowledge a nd orientation of administrator, and other factors that may be present during prescription or administration. This research will identify these methods and their frequency of use among patients 18 years old and below. -Purpose of the study The purpose of this study is to identify the pain reduction methods used during in nursing intervention and care for patients with SCD. Through identification of these methods and their result on quality of care, nursing professionals may be provided with a guide which method or methods best suit patients with ages below 18 years old. Sickle cell disease is characterized by painful experiences of patients of all ages. In the United States alone, there are about 75,000 people with SCD and that 1 out of 12 African Americans have the sickle cell trait. While it has been suggested that chronic pain is more prevalent and severe during the earlier years of study about the disease, there still are reported daily experiences of pain by SCD patients in mor e recent cases (Adegbola, 2009). The study will identify and chronicle the methods used in reducing or removing pain among SCD patients below eighteen (18) years old during the period January 2009 to January 2010 at Kendall Regional Hospital in-patient section. The findings will aid nurses whose and care providers to determine which best will fit their requirement or need of their patients aged 18 years old and below as well as inform them of available options and best practices in SCD pain management. -Specific aims The specific aim of this study is